Benefit offerings varied significantly among waiver providers, reflecting differences in organization size, PASSE reimbursement rates, and workforce strategy.

Common benefit structures reported by providers:
– **PTO (combined vacation/sick)**: Most commonly offered, accruing after a 30–90 day probationary period; rates ranged from 40–80 hours in year 1 up to 120+ hours for employees with 5+ years.
– **Separate vacation and sick leave**: Offered by some larger providers, with sick leave typically available sooner than vacation.
– **Health insurance**: Offered by larger and mid-size providers; often partially subsidized by the employer. Smaller providers often cannot afford to offer health insurance.
– **Part-time DSPs**: Many providers do not offer paid leave to part-time DSPs, though some have shifted to offering prorated PTO to improve retention.
– **Holiday pay**: Several providers offer paid holidays for full-time DSPs.

Providers with competitive benefit packages consistently reported lower DSP turnover, though noted that benefit costs are constrained by reimbursement rates.